Tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia is a neurological movement disorder in which involuntary, repetitive movements follow prolonged exposure to antipsychotic and related medicines that block certain brain receptors. It arises most often in people given antipsychotics for mental health conditions, and older adults and women are affected more often. Older antipsychotics carry a higher risk than newer ones; some antiemetics, antidepressants, anti-Parkinson and anti-seizure medicines can also cause it, and longer cumulative exposure raises risk. Typical features include grimacing, lip smacking, tongue thrusting, jaw swinging, rapid blinking and piano-playing finger movements; speech, chewing or swallowing can become difficult. Diagnosis rests on clinical assessment of the movements and medication history, using a standardised rating scale, with blood tests to exclude other causes. Management usually begins by slowly withdrawing or switching the causative medicine; vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitors are alternatives, deep brain stimulation is kept for severe cases, and treatment may be needed long term.

Seek emergency care for a first seizure, a seizure lasting more than five minutes, a sudden severe headache, new weakness or confusion, or thoughts of harming yourself. See a doctor for headaches that are more frequent or changing, memory problems that affect daily life, or low mood lasting more than two weeks. Call the local emergency number for any symptom that is sudden and severe. This page is a reference for healthcare professionals and does not replace an assessment.