Non-hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system in which malignant cells form among the lymphocytes, most often B cells. It can affect anyone but is likelier in older people and men, and may grow slowly (indolent) or quickly (aggressive). Risk factors include infections such as Epstein-Barr virus and hepatitis C, a weakened immune system, autoimmune conditions such as coeliac disease, and an affected close relative; the cause itself is not known. The commonest symptom is a painless lump in the neck, armpit or groin, with fever, night sweats, breathlessness, itching, fatigue and weight loss. Diagnosis relies on blood tests, examination of the lymph system and lymph node or bone marrow biopsy. Treatment depends on type, growth speed and spread, and may combine chemotherapy, targeted medicines such as the antibody rituximab, radiotherapy or stem cell transplant; fast-growing lymphoma is often curable, slow-growing forms controlled, not cured.

See a doctor without delay for a new lump, a sore that does not heal, unexplained bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or a persistent change in bowel or bladder habit. Take up screening invitations: most cancers are easier to treat when found early. Call the local emergency number for any symptom that is sudden and severe. This page is a reference for healthcare professionals and does not replace an assessment.