Sinusitis

Sinusitis is swelling or inflammation of the tissue lining the air-filled sinuses of the skull, usually caused by infection but sometimes by an inflammatory reaction. It is common, often follows a cold or flu, and is classed as acute, subacute or chronic by how long symptoms have been present. Viruses cause most infections; allergies, nasal polyps, a deviated septum, smoking and a weakened immune system raise the risk. Typical features are facial pain and tenderness, a blocked or runny nose, reduced sense of smell, fever, headache and cough. Diagnosis rests on examination of the nose and face, with nasal endoscopy or CT imaging in selected cases. Mild disease is managed with rest, fluids, painkillers and saline nasal rinses, while corticosteroid nasal sprays and antihistamines reduce swelling. Antibiotics are needed only occasionally because most cases are viral, and surgery to widen the sinuses may be offered for chronic disease.

Seek emergency care for severe breathlessness, blue lips, breathing that does not improve with a reliever inhaler, or confusion. See a doctor for a cough lasting more than three weeks, coughing up blood, fever with chest pain, or wheeze that limits daily activity. Call the local emergency number for any symptom that is sudden and severe. This page is a reference for healthcare professionals and does not replace an assessment.