Urinary retention

Urinary retention is a urological condition in which the bladder cannot empty fully, either suddenly (acute) or gradually (chronic). It affects both sexes but is commoner in men, especially older men, and acute retention is rare in children. Causes fall into blockage, such as prostate enlargement, urethral stricture, prolapse, stones or constipation, and weak bladder contraction from neurological problems, certain medicines, surgery or age. Acute retention brings inability to pass urine with lower abdominal pain and swelling. Chronic retention may cause few symptoms, or a slow stream, hesitancy and leakage, and infection with bladder or kidney damage can follow. Assessment uses history, examination, measurement of residual urine after voiding, urine and blood tests, imaging, urodynamic tests and cystoscopy. Treatment follows the type and cause: draining the bladder with a catheter, medicines for the underlying problem, procedures and devices, surgery and pelvic floor physical therapy.

Seek urgent care for fever with flank pain, inability to pass urine, or blood in the urine. See a doctor for burning on urination that lasts more than two days, urinary symptoms that keep returning, or any change in urinary flow in men over 50. Call the local emergency number for any symptom that is sudden and severe. This page is a reference for healthcare professionals and does not replace an assessment.