Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a malignancy of the cells of the cervix, the lower opening of the womb into the vagina, and it usually develops slowly through precancerous change. It is most common in women around 30 to 35 but can occur at any age, and anyone with a cervix can be affected. Nearly all cases follow persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus; a weakened immune system, smoking, obesity and prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol also raise the likelihood. Early disease often causes no symptoms; later features include unusual vaginal bleeding, altered discharge, pain during sex and pelvic or lower back pain. Assessment after symptoms or an abnormal screening result relies on a pelvic examination, colposcopy and cervical biopsy. Treatment depends on the size, type and spread of the cancer; it usually combines surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with targeted medicines or immunotherapy for advanced disease, and the cancer is often treatable.

See a doctor without delay for a new lump, a sore that does not heal, unexplained bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or a persistent change in bowel or bladder habit. Take up screening invitations: most cancers are easier to treat when found early. Call the local emergency number for any symptom that is sudden and severe. This page is a reference for healthcare professionals and does not replace an assessment.