Gastric cancer

Gastric cancer, also called stomach cancer, is a malignancy arising from the inner lining cells of the stomach, and nearly all cases are adenocarcinomas. It mostly affects older people and men, although anyone can develop it. Risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, stomach inflammation, severe long-term acid reflux, pernicious anaemia, a close relative with the disease, smoking and a diet rich in salted, smoked or pickled foods. Early disease is hard to spot because indigestion and stomach discomfort have many causes; advanced disease can bring trouble swallowing, vomiting, jaundice, weight loss without explanation or blood in the stool. Diagnosis uses physical examination, blood and imaging tests, endoscopy and biopsy. Treatment depends on tumour type, size, position and spread, and usually combines surgery with chemotherapy, sometimes adding radiotherapy or targeted medicines; early cancers can be removed surgically, whereas surgery for advanced disease relieves symptoms rather than cures.

See a doctor without delay for a new lump, a sore that does not heal, unexplained bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or a persistent change in bowel or bladder habit. Take up screening invitations: most cancers are easier to treat when found early. Call the local emergency number for any symptom that is sudden and severe. This page is a reference for healthcare professionals and does not replace an assessment.