Burns

Burns are injuries to the skin or deeper tissue caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, radiation or sunlight; scalds from hot liquids and steam are a common thermal form. They occur worldwide, often at home or at work; young children face a particular risk from scalds, and older people may be vulnerable because of reduced mobility or sensation. Typical causes include flames, hot objects, hot liquids, steam and building fires, and breathing smoke can add an inhalation injury. Depth is graded as first, second or third degree, from the outer skin only to the deepest layers and tissue beneath. Effects range from swelling and blistering to scarring, infection, shock and death. Small burns are managed with prompt cooling under running water and simple wound care. Large or deep burns need hospital treatment that can include wound cleaning, fluids, nutrition, antibiotics, pain relief, surgery to replace skin, and rehabilitation.

Seek urgent care for severe symptoms that come on suddenly, for difficulty breathing, or for drowsiness or confusion. See a doctor when symptoms persist, keep coming back, or affect daily life. Call the local emergency number for any symptom that is sudden and severe. This page is a reference for healthcare professionals and does not replace an assessment.